What is the difference between h1n1 and ph1n1

The structure and function of the hemagglutinin membrane glycoprotein of influenza virus. Annu Rev Biochem. Igarashi M, et al. Predicting the antigenic structure of the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. PLoS One. Gallagher P, et al. Addition of carbohydrate side chains at novel sites on influenza virus hemagglutinin can modulate the folding, transport, and activity of the molecule.

J Cell Biol. Sun S, et al. Prediction of biological functions on glycosylation site migrations in human influenza H1N1 viruses. World Health Organization-Vaccines. WHO recommendations on the composition of influenza virus vaccines. The impact of key amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin of influenza a H3N2 viruses on vaccine production and antibody response. Koel BF, et al. Identification of amino acid substitutions supporting antigenic change of influenza a H1N1 pdm09 viruses.

J Virol. Communicable diseases in the eastern Mediterranean region: prevention and control East Mediterr Health J. Influenza: the role of the Middle East and north Africa? Lancet Infect Dis. Gulf labour markets, m. Buliva E, et al. Front Public Health. Soebiyanto RP, et al. Associations between meteorological parameters and influenza activity in Berlin Germany , Ljubljana Slovenia , castile and Leon Spain and Israeli districts.

Khan W, et al. Influenza Research in the eastern Mediterranean region: a review. Oman Med J. Tamerius JD, et al. Environmental predictors of seasonal influenza epidemics across temperate and tropical climates. PLoS Pathog. World Health Organization-FluNet. FluNet database. World Health Organization- London Collaberationg center.

Neuraminidase inhibitor resistance in influenza viruses and laboratory testing methods. Antivir Ther. Tamura K, et al. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. Structure and receptor binding properties of a pandemic H1N1 virus hemagglutinin.

PLoS Curr. Changed epitopes drive the antigenic drift for influenza A H3N2 viruses; Book Google Scholar. Choi Y, et al. Predicting the functional effect of amino acid substitutions and indels. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A. BMC Evol Biol. Not so different after all: a comparison of methods for detecting amino acid sites under selection. World Health Organization- Influenza transmission zones. Influenza transmission zones. Influenza in tropical regions.

PLoS Med. Intercomparison of temperature and precipitation data sets based on observations in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. J Geophysical Res. World Health Organisation, Influenza Updat. Chutinimitkul S, et al. Virulence-associated substitution DG in the hemagglutinin of pandemic influenza a H1N1 virus affects receptor binding. Schulze IT. Effects of glycosylation on the properties and functions of influenza virus hemagglutinin.

J Infect Dis. Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Molecular basis of the structure and function of H1 hemagglutinin of influenza virus. Air GM. Influenza neuraminidase. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. Maurer-Stroh S, et al. A new common mutation in the hemagglutinin of the H1N1 influenza a virus. Graham M, et al. Nationwide molecular surveillance of pandemic H1N1 influenza a virus genomes: Canada, Liu SS, et al.

Sci Rep. Butler J, et al. Estimating the fitness advantage conferred by permissive neuraminidase mutations in recent oseltamivir-resistant a H1N1 pdm09 influenza viruses. The evolution of human influenza a viruses from to a complete genome study. Virol J. Caini S, et al. Epidemiology of seasonal influenza in the Middle East and North Africa regions, circulating influenza a and B viruses and spatial timing of epidemics.

Simonsen L. The global impact of influenza on morbidity and mortality. Simonsen L, et al. Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution. Bedford T, et al. Integrating influenza antigenic dynamics with molecular evolution. Smith DJ, et al. Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus.

Klein EY, et al. Influenza a H1N1 pandemic strain evolution--divergence and the potential for antigenic drift variants. Liu Y, et al. Altered receptor specificity and cell tropism of DG hemagglutinin mutants isolated from fatal cases of pandemic a H1N1 influenza virus. Kilander A, et al. Observed association between the HA1 mutation DG in the pandemic influenza a H1N1 virus and severe clinical outcome, Norway Euro Surveill.

Gamblin SJ, et al. The structure and receptor binding properties of the influenza hemagglutinin. Maines TR, et al. Transmission and pathogenesis of swine-origin a H1N1 influenza viruses in ferrets and mice. Evolution of the hemagglutinin protein of the new pandemic H1N1 influenza virus: maintaining optimal receptor binding by compensatory substitutions. Jayaraman A, et al. A single base-pair change in H1N1 hemagglutinin increases human receptor affinity and leads to efficient airborne viral transmission in ferrets.

Luksza M, Lassig M. A predictive fitness model for influenza. Wei CJ, et al. Cross-neutralization of and influenza viruses: role of glycans in viral evolution and vaccine design.

Sci Transl Med. Ison MG. Antivirals and resistance: influenza virus. Curr Opin Virol. Meijer A, et al. Oseltamivir-resistant influenza virus a H1N1 , Europe, season. World Health Organization. Positive samples update. Number of specimens positive for influenza by subtypes from week no. Lackenby, A. Storms AD, et al. Oseltamivir-resistant pandemic H1N1 virus infections, United States, Global update on the susceptibility of human influenza viruses to neuraminidase inhibitors, Antiviral Res.

Overall, Post-pandemic seroprevalence was highest in those born in the periods — The overall increase in seroprevalence between pre- and post-pandemic periods was The increase did not reach statistical significance in the 0—4 and 5—11 age-groups, separately, but when these two groups were combined the increase, from 1. Seroprevalence of pH1N1 antibodies in pre- and post-pandemic specimens were compared between the Sydney region estimated resident population 4.

There was no significant difference in seroprevalence between regions in pre-pandemic specimens, but the difference in pH1N1 seroprevalence between pre- and post-pandemic specimens was significantly higher in Sydney than in the rest of NSW Seroprevalence was highest Finally, seroprevalence was compared across socioeconomic indices for areas SEIFA quintiles, based on postcode of residence.

Seroprevalence varied from There were significant differences in seroprevalence and GMTs across age groups for each of the five viruses Table 3. During the southern hemisphere winter of , in Australia, the pH1N1 epidemic period lasted about 18 weeks in all [1] , [3]. However, there were considerable variations in rates of spread, numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases, timing of epidemic peaks and rates of hospital and ICU admission between and within different States and major cities [1] , [3] , [4].

Most cases apparently occurred in school-aged children and were mild and generally not laboratory-confirmed. Hospital admission rates were highest in the 0—4 year and 50—59 year age-groups, but lower than for an average influenza season among adults over 60 years [3]. In view of these unusual features, estimates of true infection rates in different age-groups and geographic areas are needed to inform immunisation policy and planning for the predicted second wave of infection.

Clinical and epidemiological data alone are inadequate, since mild or asymptomatic infections were not recorded and the clinical presentation and rates vary in different age groups.

Laboratory diagnostic strategies also varied across States and at different times within the pandemic period. A seroprevalence survey, encompassing all age-groups and geographic areas, is a timely and practicable source of more comprehensive data. Influenza A serosurveillance is complicated by cross-reactions between different influenza A subtypes, variable and often relatively short-lived influenza antibody responses, repeated previous infections and the technical challenges of HI and viral neutralization assays [14].

We have shown previously [5] that, despite some theoretical disadvantages, the opportunistic sampling strategy used in this study can produce results comparable with those from randomly collected samples which also have disadvantages for serosurveillance of many vaccine-preventable diseases.

To improve representativeness of this sampling strategy, we employed an age- and geographically-based sampling frame for the post-pandemic sera, and adopted post-stratification sampling weights to achieve better representation of the NSW population structure.

This serosurvey is the first reported from the southern hemisphere, where the pH1N1 epidemic coincided with the usual winter influenza and respiratory virus season.

The results confirmed many of the epidemiological features of this outbreak as shown by notification and hospitalisation data.

The authors suggested that the presence of cross-reactive pH1N1 antibody in western populations could be due to repeated seasonal influenza vaccination, rather than exposure to older, seasonal H1N1 influenza viruses [19] , as suggested previously [20].

The significantly higher proportions of subjects over 85 years with cross-reacting antibodies in pre-pandemic specimens in our study, are consistent with results of recent studies from England and Finland [21] , [22]. This would account for the sparing of these age-groups from significant levels of influenza infection during the current pandemic.

Increases were restricted to age-groups less than 65 years, particularly the 12—17 —7 birth cohort and 18—34 —91 year age groups with increases of In a similar study, Miller et al showed comparable age-related differences in seroprevalence increases in London and the West Midlands, where infection rates were highest, but increases only in children under 15 years in other areas [21]. Older age was associated with reduced seroconversion rates [23]. In our study, the proportional increase in seroprevalence or infection in the Sydney area In combination with data from England and Singapore, this indicates — not surprisingly - that higher infection rates occur in denser populations.

There are People should see a doctor immediately if they have severe vomiting, shortness of breath, chest or abdominal pain, or sudden dizziness or confusion. Children should be taken to a doctor immediately if they have blue lips or skin, are not drinking enough fluids, are breathing rapidly or with difficulty, are unusually drowsy or irritable including not wanting to be held , or have a fever with a rash. If people at high risk of severe complications including children under 5 years old or pregnant women have even mild symptoms, a doctor should be contacted.

Also, if a fever and a worse cough develop after flu-like symptoms disappear in any person, a doctor's attention is required. Treatment of pH1N1 influenza focuses on relieving symptoms. For example, acetaminophen can relieve fever and aches. Getting enough rest and drinking plenty of fluids can help. These drugs are most effective when started within 48 hours after symptoms appear.

In the United States, most people have recovered from pH1N1 influenza fully without taking these drugs. Merck and Co. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world.

The Manual was first published in as a service to the community. Learn more about our commitment to Global Medical Knowledge. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Common Health Topics.

Respiratory Viruses. Mechanical ventilation on admission was required by The routine peripheral blood results also showed no significant differences between these groups Table 2. The incidence of cardiac events was Pericardial effusion was detected significantly less in the H7N9 group than the pH1N1 group.

The median time interval from onset of influenza infection to identification of decreased ejection fraction was The median time interval from initiation of mechanical ventilation to a decrease in ejection fraction in the H7N9 group was 1.

In addition, the changes in cardiac biomarkers, ECG, and another ECHO index were found less than four days median time after initiation of mechanical ventilation. We could not calculate the median time from mechanical ventilation to the above index changes due to insufficient data in the pH1N1 group. For both groups, most of the cardiac complications were detected between days six and 14 after onset of symptoms. The first four days after initiation of mechanical ventilation showed the highest incidence of cardiac complications during hospitalization.

All of the 46 patients in this study were directly admitted to the ICU Table 7. Fourteen H7N9 patients Of the patients with respiratory failure, The one-year follow-up was completed for nine of 11 discharged H7N9 patients who had evidence of one or more cardiac complications during hospitalization. One subject was lost to follow-up and one died of renal failure. Cardiac abnormalities that were observed during hospitalization primarily included tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and ST changes.

All of these parameters had returned to normal at follow-up. An elevated tricuspid regurgitation pressure gradient TRPG was found in four of these individuals during hospitalization, which returned to normal in three of them.

This retrospective study investigated whether the cardiac complications of patients admitted to the ICU with H7N9 infections differed from those infected by the pH1N1 strain of influenza A. We found that acute H7N9 infection can result in severe cardiac complications, and a higher proportion of H7N9 patients experienced cardiac complications, except for pericardial effusion, than did the patients with pH1N1 infections. Most cardiac complications were detected between days six and 14 in both groups after onset of disease, and the first four days of mechanical ventilation appeared to be a period of greater risk for the development of cardiac complications in susceptible individuals.

The results of patient follow-up indicate that cardiac complications are reversible in the majority of H7N9 patients who outlived the infection. Collectively, these data suggest that cardiac complications associated with acute influenza H7N9 and pH1N1 infections differ.

These differences may help clinicians identify and treat these complications in a timely manner. Although the time between the onset of the disease and ICU admission was statistically higher in the H7N9 group than in the pH1N1, the treatment strategy before ICU admission was similar. Accordingly, we consider that the lag time between onset of the disease and ICU admission had little influence on the high incidence of cardiac complications in H7N9 group.

The clinical features of hospitalized patients with H7N9 infection were generally similar to those of patients with pH1N1 infection. Patients usually presented with early fever, cough, and sputum production, with rapid progression to severe pneumonia, moderate-to-severe ARDS, and septic shock.

These are minimally invasive tests with high specificity, sensitivity, and diagnostic and prognostic implications. Raised cardiac troponins. Biomarkers and heart disease.

Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. Notably, in the present study the above biomarkers were at higher levels in the H7N9 group than the pH1N1 group. Echocardiography is considered an ideal tool in clinical practice to evaluate cardiac function and anatomic structure. In a study by Brown et al. Right and left heart failure in severe H1N1 influenza A infection.

Eur Respir J. It has been reported that ARDS and mechanical ventilation can contribute to cardiac insufficiency. The pulmonary vascular lesions of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Pathol.